Having at least a basic knowledge on the historical period from which the play you're witnessing was written in usually allows you to have a better understanding of the script and the meanings behind the phrases, if the original text is being used. To put it simply, it basically allows you to put everything into context, and better grasp the subtler messages and meanings woven into the very fabric of the work of art.
The humor, choice of costume and the character's behavior will often appear clearer, with a logic that you can trace and comprehend. Therefore your knowledge of historical periods enriches your experience as a spectator, actor, or even as a director. It allows you to set your sights in the right places, and watch/ act/ set the stage with the frame of mind that the author originally intended.